Article Appraisal for Critical Appraisal Program - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theArticle Appraisal for Critical Appraisal Program. Answer: Introduction There is an increasing volume of published research accessible to health professionals. With ever changing developments and new evidence it is also important to have strategies to access and interpret this material so that you can provide the best care to your patients. To ensure you that you can safely use evidence to influence your clinical decision making, you need to have skills in assessing the quality and relevance of the research you find, these skills are described as critical appraisal.The tool that would be used in the study is called CASP or the Critical Appraisal Skills program tool. The paper selected is by author Hiscock et al. (2014) namely Preventing Early Infant Sleep and Crying Problems and Postnatal Depression: A Randomized Trial. Background: Modern day parents are complaining about their incapability to handle their infants well. They state that they are often unable to understand the reason of their babies crying and therefore feel helpless about how to make the baby calm (Kettunen, Koistinen Hintikka, 2014). Such activities make them spend sleepless nights where they wake up in a tired state and feel physically weak. Often such symptoms are often making them depressed and hence they are not being able to provide as much care to the baby as they should get (Gorman, 2017). Moreover, the babies are having sleepless nights when they frequently wake up and cry, have day sleeps and cry a lot (DeChowdhury et al., 2014). Hence, interventions for the betterment of health for both the parents and the babies are extremely necessary. Pico question: population intervention comparison outcome Time Parents of new born who undergo interventions Proper trainings about handling babies, information about their crying patterns, reasons of crying, and similar others Control group Results in lessening of babies lack of sleep at night (primary outcome), reduction in crying and ay time sleep. Results in lessening depression and stress and anxiety among parents or caregivers. Within 4 to 6 months of the new born Pico question: Do Parents who are properly trained about different information about sleeping and crying pattern for babies as well as get support and undertake discussion about sleeping and crying issues of babies suffer from less depression, stress and anxiety than parents who do not get the intervention in the first four to six months? In order to appraise the article CASP tool is used as follows: The first criteria that the article needs to fulfil is the question that whether the article is addressing a clearly focused issue (Nadelson Nadelson, 2014) . These criteria were correctly fulfilled as the researchers have rightly chosen the participants and have mentioned their process of choosing such participants clearly. They have given a proper diagram of the choosing procedure of the participant making it easier for the reader to develop an understanding if the participants at a glance. The trail consisted of consulting caregivers for 781 infants who were born at 32 weeks or local in 42 child centres over Melbourne, Australia. The interventions were also rightly discussed. They included the supply of information about normal infant sleep and their crying patterns, medical causes of crying, and information about parent self care within a DVD which was handed to caregivers and also via booklet. They also discussed how they changed the mode of information with gradual passing of w eeks like form booklets to telephone conversation to discussion of parents group and child care group. In case of the comparator, one can suggest that such interventions neither were nor provided to the control group and they were only assisted b y regular support of nurses which were only provided through MCH service. Outcomes were also thoroughly discussed in the form of infant measures with the help of likert scale where the caregivers provided answers to close ended to measure severity of each issues and also completed a 72 hour infant behaviour questions diary. The outcome was also measured for caregiver measures with help of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index which was measured by 4 subscales of the MCISQ which helped them to reach to a definite conclusion about the effectivity of the interventions. The second criterion that was to be analysed is whether the participants who were assigned to the interventions properly randomised. The second criterion was also properly conducted by the researchers. This is said so because the researchers have discussed the details of how caregivers were invited participant allotment in details. The participants were caregivers who were cared by the MCH services from over 4 government hospitals. They had mailed the participants entire information statements, their consent forms and baseline questionnaires to those who were interested. Those families who expressed their interest in written informed consent and completed questionnaire were only considered for the research. Randomisation was done for the families to either the control group or the intervention group by computer generated random sequencing which were actually created by independent statistician. The randomisation was also stratified by the reference of the nurses MCH centre. Both the research ream and the families were properly blinded before allocation after which it was not possible to carry so. This was not possible as the method of providing intervention could not be carried on in the blindfolded manner and therefore the intervention group people were e aware of the fact that they were of the particular intervention group. The third criteria that needs to be fulfilled by a proper RCT paper is that whether the participants who entered the trial were properly accounted for at its conclusion. The step was also maintained properly by the researchers. The intervention group were properly guided and the application of the intervention was correctly carried on. After the provision of the resources and the information to the intervention groups at the interval of four weeks firstly by booklet and DVD at fourth week, telephonic conversation up to 8th week and parental discussion at 12 week, assessments were made about their affectivity by closed questionnaire surveys that yielded statistical results. Therefore the trial was not stopped but carried on successfully. Moreover the participants in the two groups were rightly handled and analysed with correct statistical analysis so that the results obtained of the two groups can be found out and the differences in their result was also pointed out clearly. The outco mes were analysed and the results for both the groups were mentioned and there was no discrepancy found from the work of the researchers. The fourth criterion that needs to be governed properly is whether the participants, health care and the study personnel were blinded for the treatment. In the case study, it has been clearly described how randomisation was conducted of the participants into two groups: one being the control group and the other the intervention group with the help of computer generated random sequence. Through the entire procedure starting from the time of taking of the consent as well as up to the time of allocation of the participants to the different groups, both the researchers as well as the participants were blinded. However, the blinding could not be conducted during the time of intervention as the nature of the intervention which was selected could not support the blinding procedure. Here the intervention group had to go through the resources, have telephonic conversation and meeting thereafter. Hence, it was evident for them to understand that they were the intervention group and therefore b linding could not be done. The fifth criterion that any reader should try to judge from the paper is to look for that the groups were similar at the start of the trials or not. The participants who were selected were visitors of the government hospitals whose infants were about 7 days old or older than that. No discrimination was made and no characteristics or features were selected by the researchers. The age of the primary caregivers like the mothers were seen with mean age of 33 and infant mean age was 4. Some of the excluding criteria taken into consideration were parents who could not speak English or whose babies were born before 32 weeks gestation or with a serious health issue. Other than this, no specific factors like sex were utilised. Other than this, no other factors were determined to be present in the participants irrespective of the control and intervention groups. The sixth criterion that needs to be assessed is that whether other than the experimental intervention, the groups were treated equally of not. In the paper, it is seen that the researchers have mentioned very less about the control groups and were discussing more about the intervention groups. However, other than the application of the intervention, no other special benefits or treatment were provided by the researchers. The nurses of the MHC were seen to be equally attending all the participants irrespective of the control as well as the intervention groups showing that no extra preferences were given to the intervention group and therefore any sort of doubts on the researchers biasness could not be captured. The seventh criteria which is one of the most important criteria that the reader needs to assess is that how large was the treatment effect. In that case, one must first try to understand the outcomes that were measured. The infant measures in the paper were measured mainly by the postal survey which was conducted at 4 to 6 months of age. The primary outcomes that the researchers wanted to measure were the effect of the interventions ion the infants night time sleep problem. The other outcomes they wanted to measure were that the whether the infants had day time sleeping habits, crying and feeding issues. These were mostly known by the 72 hour infant behaviour diary for measuring sleeping, feeding and crying and it was complete with the help of likert scale to analyse whether the rate of severity of the issues. The caregiver outcomes were mainly measured with the help of post natal depression scale with score values greater than 8 indicative of the postnatal depression in the caregiv ers. The sleep quality and quantity of them were measured by 2 items taken from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Caregiver cognitions about infant sleep were measured by 4 subdivisions scales of MCISQ. Reports by the caregivers were given in the number of visits they made o the health care centres, usefulness of the intervention and also ion their breastfeeding duration as well as their changing of the infants formal. When the follow up was conducted at the 4 month interval, no differences were found between the reports made by the caregivers in the domains of infant sleeping, crying as well as feeding problems. However, an interesting feature was seen that infants in the intervention groups who were frequently fed had 87% lower odds of having daytime sleep and 75% of lower crying issues than the control group. However night time sleep reports of the infants were similar in both the groups at the end of the 4 month follow up. However at six months, differences due to being frequent f eeders were not seen. In case of the caregiver outcomes, it was seen that there were no differences in their reports of depression at 4 month study. However, in the 6 month study, intervention group caregivers showed less chances of developing depression than the control groups. The former also showed fewer doubts in their ability to manage their infants sleep at both the tome points. Moreover, it was also seen that after 6 months, intervention groups had to spend less than 20 minutes for managing their infant in the night. They also had less concern regarding infant death, did not have to change formula in comparison to that of the control groups. Therefore it helped to see that the caregivers were indeed benefited from the interventions. However, the results regarding the primary outcomes were not clearly mentioned as it should have been that is sleep problem reduction of the infants at night were not clearly stated and had been clubbed with the effect of frequent feeders stating that they helped to handle days keep issues and crying issues. Nigh time sleep problems which was the primary outcome was analysed to be similar in both groups The next criterion in consideration for appraising the given article is that whether the estimate of the treatment effect was precise or not. The estimates that were made were much precise and were at 95% confidence limits which make the article valuable to be applied in the evidence based studies in the nursing profession. All the confidence limits in each if the statistical analysis of the outcomes were clearly depicted and there was not scope of the researchers to use nay hypothetical statements. Hence the estimates of the treatment effects are indeed found to be quite precise. The ninth criterion that a paper needs to fulfil properly in order to be considered as valuable for different evident based researchers or even by others to gain information in the domain is that whether the results which were obtained from the researchers were valuable or not. This paper really scores well in this criterion as the interventions can be definitely applied to the participants in any scenario. There are indeed large numbers of newly formed parents who come up with issues of depression, sleeplessness, frustration, lack of skills to maintain a baby. There are many parents who even complain of the babies crying at night disrupting their sleep which becomes strenuous for them. The babies tend to cry, not sleep in the night, falls asleep in the day and many others. This is a genuine issue faced by a large number of parents of newly born. Hence the interventions which are mentioned by the researchers are indeed helpful. However, they are seen to be mostly helpful for babies w ho feed well. They are highly beneficial for the parents as they learn to develop skills of maintaining babies, develop ideas about their crying and sleeping patterns and make them aware of the activities of the babies. Hence, the article is indeed helpful and will be beneficial for nurses in evidence based practices. The tenth criterion that needs to be verified is that whether all the clinically important outcomes considered were not. To these, it must be said, that the research brought out very positive effects in the behaviour of the parents as well as the health condition of the parents also became quite well after the application of the intervention. They showed less symptoms of depression and were also not awake in the night for more than 20 minutes. This reflected that the parents developed themselves with the help of the intervention. However, the primary outcome was not satisfied in the part of infant outcomes. The intervention showed no change in the sleep patterns of the baby in both the groups both in 4 month and 6 month time. Therefore the intervention was partly successful and further researches are required to comment more specifically in the primary outcomes. The eleventh and the last criterion that the reader needs to assess are to know what the implications of the study practice are. It also should clarify that whether the benefits worth any harms and costs. The interventions that were provided were totally harmless and also did not possess any threats to any stakeholders associated with the research. This treatment had no negative short or long term impacts. They are indeed found to be extremely helpful for a large number of parents and they indeed reported positive results with the assessment scales of depression and other. Therefore, the research can be used by young researchers for further carrying out researches to develop the interventions for better outcomes or even for perform the literature revise for their own researches. Young healthcare professionals may also use this as evidence based practices where they will use this intervention for treating parents who come for their advice and how to manage their babies. From the entire appraisal, it is evident that the information provided by the paper is indeed much helpful in educating the modern day parents. The intervention s have made them understand the systematic ways of handling the issues of infant crying, lack of night sleep, day sleep and others. The paper has shown that good feeding babies are the ones who show less symptoms and day sleep when the interventions are applied. Moreover, the parents were less depressed and seemed to develop ideas about how to control their babies. Therefore, indeed the paper was helpful as it helped to give good suggestions about how to maintain the health of the mother and the infant at the same time and therefore a valuable paper in maternal and childcare nursing. References: De Choudhury, M., Counts, S., Horvitz, E. J., Hoff, A. (2014, February). Characterizing and predicting postpartum depression from shared facebook data. InProceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 626-638). ACM. Gorman, J. (2017). Postpartum Depression and Opinions on Screening. Hiscock, H., Cook, F., Bayer, J., Le, H. N., Mensah, F., Cann, W., ... St James-Roberts, I. (2014). Preventing early infant sleep and crying problems and postnatal depression: a randomized trial.Pediatrics,133(2), e346-e354. Kettunen, P., Koistinen, E., Hintikka, J. (2014). Is postpartum depression a homogenous disorder: time of onset, severity, symptoms and hopelessness in relation to the course of depression.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 402. Nadelson, S., Nadelson, L. S. (2014). Evidence?Based Practice Article Reviews Using CASP Tools: A Method for Teaching EBP.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(5), 344-346.

The Boarding House free essay sample

The Boarding House Who is a victim and who an abuser in The Boarding House? Since the first paragraph of The Boarding House, there is a sense that Mrs. Mooney is the victim of an abusive husband- â€Å" Mr. Mooney began to go to the devil. He Drank, plundered the till, ran headlong into debt. † The reader sees Mrs. Mooney as the woman who illustrates the difficulties a single mother faces raising a daughter, however her plan to marry her daughter into a higher class banishes any sympathy the reader feels for her- tricking Mr. Doran makes Mrs. Mooney the new abuser. In the first paragraph of â€Å"The Boarding House† Mrs. Mooney is referred to as â€Å"a determined woman. † This reference suggests that even when under her abusive, alcoholic husband’s thumb, she will not stay the quite, controlled woman for long. As her husband pushes her to her limits by threatening her, she takes her first steps of becoming a woman of her own, she opens her own boarding house, and running it â€Å" cunningly and firmly † Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Boarding House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mooney has experienced a difficult marriage and separation- â€Å"One night he went for his wife with the cleaver and she had to sleep in a neighbour’s house. † The first paragraph of the story makes the reader sympathize with Mrs. Mooney, thinking she is the weak woman who lets her husband control her, however after Mrs. Mooney opens the boarding house to make a living, she is referred to as ‘The Madam’, â€Å"All the resident young men spoke of her as The Madam. † This reference gives a connotation of a lady standing in the head of a whorehouse, suggesting she is a strong, powerful lady, who will not be any ones victim. The connotation of the whorehouse mistress is not completely baseless. Mrs. Mooney, to some degree, prostitutes her own daughter Polly. She wants Polly to entertain the young men who stay at the boarding house- â€Å"I’m a aughty girl. You needn’t sham: You know I am. † At first Polly works at the office as a typist, however since her father came to the office every other day, Mrs. Mooney decided to take her back home â€Å" give her the run of the young men. † Mrs. Mooney wants Polly to find a man to marry, but the young men in the boarding hous e, she knows, are not interested in marriage- â€Å"none of them meant business. † This is when the reader realises that Mrs. Mooney had something to do with it and when Mr. Doran talks about how it was not entirely his fault, he describes how Polly came to his room late at night, asking him to light her candle of his, she was dressed in a seductive way. Also he says that there were night when he came in late and Polly was the one to warm his meals. This is the part of the plot where the reader believes that Mrs. Mooney is no longer the one to be sympathized with but Mr. Doran is. Mrs. Mooney realises that to get back the honour of her daughter, she could ask Mr. Doran to pay her money, but what she is interested in is not his money but to marry her daughter into a higher class- â€Å" patch up such an affair for a sum of money But she would not do so. For her only one reparation could make up for the loss of her daughter’s honour: marriage. † Mrs. Mooney knows that Mr. Doran would not want his employer to realise he had an affair with a girl who was not his wife, and therefore uses this threat to make him marry Polly. Mrs. Mooney is going into this conversation knowing she is going to ‘win’ it. She knows that Mr. Doran would not want his employer to hear of this affair and therefore Mr. Doran will have to ask her daughter to marry him. Mr. Doran knows that the only options he has are either â€Å" marry her or run away? † which both outcomes do not seem promising to him- marrying a lower class would make his family look down on Polly, because of her father’s reputation, her mother’s boarding house’s certain fame, her bad grammar and her vulgar manner. The latter option was not better for himhe had a good job, all his friends were in Dublin, and his family, too. Mrs. Mooney knew that he would not want to leave the city, â€Å"All this long years of service she knew he would not throw his good position in work away. In conclusion, Mrs. Mooney is first represented as the weak wife that is abused by her drunk husband. Although she may seem like it at the very beginning of the story, right at the end of the first paragraph, Mrs. Mooney run away from her husband and at the beginning of the second paragraph asks for a divorce from her priest- s omething that is unusual and unaccepted socially at the time. This shows that she is a strong woman who would do what is best for her despite what the society thinks. As the story continues the reader receives more evidences that Mrs. Mooney is not the one to sympathize with. Mrs. Mooney is revealed to be a manipulative woman that controls everyone around her, starting with her daughter, Polly- making her seduce Mr. Doran to have an intimate relationship with her so that they will have a good reason to convince him to marry Polly so she can be married into a higher class. The reader realises that Mr. Doran is being victimised by Mrs. Mooney and her daughter Polly, and it is proven to the reader only on the last line where Polly â€Å" remembered what she had been waiting for. †

Crime and Punishment misc essays

Crime and Punishment misc essays Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is the story of a poor man in Russia who mentally destroys himself of his guilt through pain and suffering. It analyzes the mental and physical conflicts brought upon himself by his crime. His complications are put together by the conflicting personalities which he shows. The reader is encouraged to characterize him by his cold, ravenous side. Yet, without the warm peaceful side of his nature and the people evolving around him, Raskolnikov never realizes the problems in his beliefs and actions. Raskolnikov is repeatedly emphasized for the alternating style of his personality, which both are very important. Raskolnikov's cold side leads him to develop his theory that extra ordinary men have the right to commit crimes, and also to commit murder. This side of him bases all decisions on reasonability, rather than on feeling. A person can be absolutely nothing without emotions. The other side of his character is kind and generous. Without this side of Raskolnikov being told in the novel, the reader can only see him as an evil murderer, and not an mislead victim, as Dostoevsky tries to show. In the novel "Crime and Punishment," Raskolnikov shows random acts of kindness whenever he finds a person in need. He gives money to the Marmeladov family, he attempts to aid Marmeladov when he dies, and he tries to get a drunken girl home and away from the stranger. All of these things were done spontaneously. He simply feels that at the time it is the right thing to do. However, after a short period of time his views can reverse dramatically. He starts to sensibly analyze what he has done, and then feels that his actions were dumb and stupid. This spontaneous change shows the return of his cold side, and it occurs after every kind thing that Raskolnikov does. These changes and alterations between two different personalities give Raskolnikov separate visi...

Why Burning Money Is Illegal in the United States

Why Burning Money Is Illegal in the United States If you have money to burn, congratulations- but youd better not actually set fire to a pile of cash. Burning money is illegal in the United States and is  punishable by up to 10 years in prison, not to mention fines. (More fun facts: Its also illegal to tear a dollar bill and even flatten a penny  under the weight of a locomotive on the railroad tracks.) The laws making defacing and debasing currency a crime have their roots in the federal governments use of precious metals to mint coins. Criminals were known to file down or cut off portions of those coins and keep the slivers for themselves while spending the altered currency. The odds of being prosecuted under the federal laws that making burning money or defacing coins, however, are fairly slim. First, coins now contain very little precious metals. Second, defacing printed currency in an act of protest is often compared to burning the American flag. That is to say, burning money may be considered protected speech under the U.S. Constitutions First Amendment. What the Law Says About Burning Money The section of federal law that makes tearing up or burning money a crime is  Title 18, Section 333, which was passed in 1948 and reads: Whoever mutilates, cuts, defaces, disfigures, or perforates, or unites or cements together, or does any other thing to any bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of debt issued by any national banking association, or Federal Reserve bank, or the Federal Reserve System, with intent to render such bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of debt unfit to be reissued, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. What the Law Says About Mutilating Coins The section of federal law that makes mutilating coins a crime is Title 18, Section 331, which reads: Whoever fraudulently alters, defaces, mutilates, impairs, diminishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens any of the coins coined at the mints of the United States, or any foreign coins which are by law made current or are in actual use or circulation as money within the United States; or whoever fraudulently possesses, passes, utters, publishes, or sells, or attempts to pass, utter, publish, or sell, or brings into the United States, any such coin, knowing the same to be altered, defaced, mutilated, impaired, diminished, falsified, scaled, or lightened shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. A separate section of Title 18 makes it illegal to debase coins minted by the U.S. government, meaning to shave some of the metal off and make the money less valuable. That crime is punishable by fines and up to 10 years in prison. Prosecutions Are Rare for Mutilating Currency Its pretty rare for someone to be arrested and charged with defiling or debased U.S. currency. Even those penny press machines found at arcades and some seashore attractions are in compliance with the law because theyre used to create souvenirs and not to debase or shave metal off the coin for profit or fraud. Perhaps the highest profile case of currency mutilation dates to 1963. An 18-year-old U.S. Marine named Ronald Lee Foster was convicted of whittling away the edges of pennies and spending the 1 cent coins as dimes in vending machines. Foster had been sentenced to a year of probation and $20, but more seriously the conviction prevented him from being able to get a gun license. Foster made national news in 2010 when President Barack Obama pardoned him.

Lens Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Lens Discussion - Research Paper Example The word lens was derived from a Latin word lentil since the shape of lentil has similar attributes to double-convex lens. According to Whitehouse (1999), it is believed that the oldest lens belonged to Ancient Assyria dating back 2700 years ago. Whitehouse also illustrated that the work of David Brewster of making a proposal of starting fires through a magnifying glass that concentrates sunlight, regenerated to evolution of the lens. Other historical records about the lens were retrieved in ancient Greece in a play called The Clouds by Aristophanes by mentioning about the burning glass. This statement referred to the biconvex lenses that were used to produce fire through creating a common focus of the sunrays. The work of Pliny the Elder also expressed the usage of burning glasses in the Roman Empire, especially after providing the descriptions of magnifying effects of the glass that was filled with water. Glick (2005) shows that lenses were widely used in Europe, especially after the invention of spectacle in Italy. This invention created a progressive nature of optical industry to use lenses, where other Western nations expanded the idea including Venice, Florence, Germany, and Netherlands. However, the optical industry created a room for invention of other technological advancements that changed the experimentation algorithms. For example, between 17th and 18th Centuries became a major progress for lens usage after microscope and telescope were invented. This caused the opticians to the draw board and came up with constructive lenses that formed the spherical figures in their surface and varying features of curvature. This led to the production of achromatic lens that is more compounded by Chester Moore Hall in 1733 at England. This led to improvement of experimental operations in biological, physical, and chemical analogies. Currently, lenses are spherical in nature, where both longitudinal

A thoughtful comment about a video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A thoughtful comment about a video - Essay Example He first places the fork over one edge of the plate then sprinkles sugar carefully over the fork. This leaves space on plate to serve food (Cronin, 2012). The use of a sieve in sprinkling sugar is important in achieving uniform distribution over a third area of the plate for placing the fork. After sprinkling only amount require to covers the, he stops and lift the fork carefully. Leaving behind is a decoration that is fork-shaped. In the procedure, he makes sure to use right quantity of sugar so as not to affect food taste. In the second part of decoration, he uses a white square plate. This time he places a fork on plate followed by a spoon across over the fork. The spoon and fork combination make sure of decoration in a quarter of the square-shaped plate. He then sprinkles cocoa powder using sieve over the spoon and fork. The cocoa powder is dark in color and gives a nice contrast to the white plate for decoration to be visible. He finally lifts the spoon then fork carefully to leave decoration of their shapes on the plate (Cronin, 2012). The cocoa power is bitter hence avoid using large amounts due to its flavor in

Self actualization & of Maslow’s Hierarchy Essay Example for Free

Self actualization of Maslow’s Hierarchy Essay Self actualization is at the pinnacle of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which examines the order by which human actions are geared towards. According to Maslow, in order to have the other needs, the basic needs have to be satisfied first . Only upon satisfying the physiological needs are the other needs considered. As such, the graduation in level suggests that self-actualization is the most difficult level to attain because of the preconditions that need to be satisfied in order to advance. According to Maslow, this is the most difficult to achieve due to its nature. It is not an absolute fact but is relative and therefore difficult to attain. The teachings of Maslow have shown that due to the relative nature of self actualization it is possible that a person may have achieved this but has not realized such and is therefore incapable of self actualization. In order to be self actualized, Maslow stated that there is a need for inner exploration and action. Man needs to realize his internal self and come to terms with such. It is this motivation which leads a person to self-actualization. This is problematic on several levels which explains why Freud had a different perspective on the matter. While Maslow derived his theory from Freud, Freud’s teaching was different in that these innate impulses are caused by the developments in the human psyche and the subconscious. There is no innate mechanism but rather the logical effect of the interactions of the different personalities and parts of the human mind. The motivation comes not from the desire for self-actualization but from human behavior. From a cognitive point of view, this hierarchy of needs and self actualization is a function of the perturbations that an autonomous system needs. It is not so much self actualization, from this perspective, as it is the perceived competence to satisfy the basic needs in due time. There are, therefore, three main components, material, cognitive and subjective. As such, self actualization is hampered by subjective incompetence which is caused during childhood that act as an inhibitor preventing the further development of cognitive competence.